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‘the laboratory rat fits the teleological [instrumental] model; performance of this particular instrumental behaviour really does seem to be controlled byknowledge about the relation between the action and the goal’
\citep[p.~72]{Dickinson:1985qp}
 
‘we did not conclude that all such responding was of this form.
Indeed, we observed some residual responding during the post-re-valuation test that appeared to be impervious to outcome devaluation and therefore autonomous of the current incentive value,
and we speculated that this responding was habitual
and established by a process akin to the stimulus-response (S-R)/reinforcement mechanism embodied in Thorndike’s classic Law of Effect (Thorndike, 1911).
\citep[p.~179]{dickinson:2016_instrumental}
 
The puzzle: \begin{enumerate} \item If the action is habitual, why is it modulated by devaulation? \item If the action is instrumental, why does it still occur (albeit less frequently) after devaluation? \end{enumerate}
 

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